Analysis Of The Poem Ballad Of The Landlord - 1374 Words

Kenneth Olacio Professor Elayan English 2300 20 November 2015 Struggles Of a Black Man â€Å"Ballad of the Landlord† is a poem by Langston Hughes that shows the struggles of a black man in a white society. There are opposing forces that make this black man suffer and he gets no retribution or any justice for the things that the people accuse him of. Through each of these voices the poem is thoroughly explained and can be analysed in such a way. The forces in this poem is the tenant, landlord, police, and the press. Each one of these forces shows the racial struggles of an innocent black man. The main person in the poem is the tenant, which in the last line tells us, he is black. The tenant is characterized by his slang and his strong dislike for the landlord. The tenant uses slang, contracted words, and nonstandard grammar. This non formal way of English suggests the tenant’s separation from the world of convention, represented by the formal way of the police and the press, which appear later in the poem. Although the tenant speaks in a non formal way, do not let that fool you. The tenant’s reason to be mad at the landlord is reasonable and just. He begins with a reasonable complaint and a kind of sarcastic reminder that the complaint is a week old: â€Å"My roof has sprung a leak. / Don’t you ’member I told you about it / Way last week?† (lines 2-4). In the next complaint, he tries to be warn the landlord about his own self when the tenant brings up the stairs, saying its wonder

Microeconomic Impact of AIDS in Africa Free Essays

string(69) " the majority of youngsters are only able to get menial manual jobs\." The world has been greatly affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic indiscriminately although some parts have proved to be more vulnerable than others. It has ravaged the people since the 1980’s when it was first discovered. Despite this, it has been established that more than two thirds o those who are infected by the scourge are found in Africa and especially in the sub-Sahara part of Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomic Impact of AIDS in Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is in spite of the fact that this area consists of only 10% of the population in the world. This then means that a very big percentage of those in Africa are suffering from HIV/AIDS. It is sad to realize that the majority of those who are infected and affected by the disease are those in the working age bracket. This then affects all aspects of life including social, cultural, and economic. In all these aspects, there has been a change towards the negative. Those who are not infected are affected by having someone close to them suffering from the disease. In almost every household, there is someone suffering from it. It affects the economy by reducing the laborer force and at the same time increasing costs. This affects the industries, households and enterprises. It also affects the government because of reduced taxes yet the expenditure has been increased on those who are in need of health care. In these countries, there was already an economic problem before the advent of the disease and this has been escalated by the impact of the disease. It leads to the inability of these economies to advance since most of the resources are channeled towards efforts of curbing the disease (Chaminuka P., Anim F., Debustus L. K. Nqangweni S. 2-8). The mainstay of most of the African countries is agriculture. The majority of people practice small-scale agriculture and it is among the most affected sectors in the continent. This is because resources are withdrawn from farming and directed to the healthcare of the ailing individuals. This occurs in various ways as will be explained in this paper. First, the labor resource is reduced greatly because those who are working in the farms are the same ones who get sick. This then leads to lack of labor for the farms and hence the productivity of these farms is greatly reduced. Furthermore, the money that can be used to hire laborers is already being used in the healthcare of the sick person (http://www.avert.org). Secondly, the monetary capital required in the advancement of farming is already being used by the family in the purchasing of drugs and general health care of the sick person. This then means that the implements necessary for the improvement and increase of productivity are not purchased. It is also affected by the loss of income earners either through death or to the ravages of the disease. If the person who is required to infuse monetary capital to the farming business loses his or her job due to the disease, then it means that the household is by-passed by much technological advancement related to the agricultural field. When unable to purchase these technologies, productivity is low and hence the amount of income that can be earned from the farming is greatly reduced. Lastly, in order to deal with the situation brought about by the disease, children end up becoming the laborers in the farms. They do this because their parents may both be suffering from the disease, as is the case most of the times, and therefore unable to work in the fields. Since the children cannot be able to work as efficiently and effectively as the adults can, they end up producing for subsistence use only. This means that food insecurity is on the rise because not enough is being produced to support the countries demand for food. This ends up leading to a very acute shortage of food and the countries end up depending on food aid from other countries. Since agriculture as pointed out earlier is the mainstay of most economies, it means therefore means that even the economy is greatly affected (Chaminuka P., Anim F., Debustus L. K. Nqangweni S. 2-8). In Africa, there is a high rate of illiteracy and this affects their ability to compete for work on both the local and the international level. This has always been so since the independence era of most countries such that most of the policies put in place were aimed at reducing the level of illiteracy that was there. Since most of these policies failed it means that the problem was still prevalent even before the onset of the disease. This problem was made even worse, by the presence of HIV/AIDS through the impact it has on the education sector. When the disease hits a family, there is need to use all the resources available in taking care of the patient and also in the funeral expenses, in case the person dies. The reduction in money for use in the house leads to a reduction in the previously experienced expenses. The most reduced expenses are spending on some of the basic needs that are deemed disposable. These basic needs usually include clothing and education. The money to cater for the school uniform and for school fees is used in health care of the patient and hence leads to low education and in the long run an increase in the rate of illiteracy (http://www.avert.org). Education is also affected when both parents die of the disease and this is very common. It then means that some or all of the children end up dropping out of school so as to take care of themselves and also the young ones. If the parents are still alive but suffering from the disease, the children, especially the female children, drop out of school so as to take care of the parents. The lack of education means that the majority of youngsters are only able to get menial manual jobs. You read "Microeconomic Impact of AIDS in Africa" in category "Essay examples" They are unable to get technical jobs that need skills because they have not learned them in school. It ends up making the country look for expatriates to do the jobs that could have been done by local people if they had the skills. This impacts on the economy negatively because the expatriates demand for more money than what would have been paid to the locals if they were the ones employed in the same capacity. This ends up straining the resources available because the amount used in salaries for the expatriates reduces the profits that could have been made. In other words, the profits are not maximized. The low levels of education also lead to a lot of unemployment because the manual jobs can be done through the technologies introduced. The manual employees end up replaced by the machines increasing unemployment level. The high rate of unemployment leads to lack of consumption of goods and services because the people do not have money to spend (http://www.avert.org). The decrease in labor also affects the foreign direct investment. This is because the demand for labor becomes higher than the supply. This leads to an increase in wages and the necessity for the use of expatriates. The foreign direct investment is important in the improvement of the economy but the foreign investors can only be attracted if there is a chance of making profits. For the profits to be made, the resources required must be available at the minimum costs possible. Once labor, which is one of the resources, becomes too expensive to enable the company maximize its profits, the investors tend to shy away from the country. This means that the one of the various avenues through which the country can be able to improve its economy has been affected. The various companies that have been put up also make a lot of losses leading either to closure due to reduced profits or the company may not close down but the profits being made are affected. This is because of the increased costs caused by the diversion of the productive resources towards health care, funeral benefits and also the pension fund. This is brought about by the early retirement caused by the incapacitation of the ailing workers due to poor health. The skills are also reduced as an increased number of skilled workers succumb to the disease. This affects the company especially since resources have been used to train the workers and they may not have recovered the cost by the time the person retires or dies. Businesses are also affected in that there is low productivity by workers. This is because the disease brings about an increase in the rate or absenteeism. Once the workers are constantly absent due to the necessity to seek medical care, it then means that the work is not done well and this affects the amount of profit that the businesses make. Furthermore, with the effect that the disease has on individual households, it leads to a reduction in the demand for the goods and services that are provided. This leads to an increase in dead stock which in turn may lead to the closure of some businesses. The lack of good profits by businesses and companies affects the economy as a whole in that it affects the taxes that the government gets from the business sector. This leads to reduced revenue thus affecting the services that the government is able to provide to the citizens. This is combined with the increase in health care spending by the government. The government ends up having to borrow from both foreign and local lenders so as to be able to meet the targets of the budget that they have fixed in any given financial year. The result of the heavy borrowing is an increase in the rate of inflation. This affects each household because the money they have now purchases less than it would have before (http://www.avert.org). In the provision of health care, it has become very expensive for the individual households. This is caused by the fact that there is massive drainage of health care workers in most of these countries. There are too many people who are infected with the disease causing an increase in the workload of the healthcare workers. When this is combined with the low wages that they get, it leads to their immigrating to other areas where they can get more money for the services that they give. In order to maintain those who have been left in the service, there is need to increase their wages and this cost is pushed on to those who are seeking health care making it next to impossible for them to acquire it especially the HIV/AIDS patients. There is also a problem of having a large number of infected health care workers, this is because a major cause o death in the industry thus depleting the number of workers further. This combined with the other two factors are a cause of increase in the cost of attainment of healthcare. This affects households by reducing the amount of income that can be used for consumption thus affecting the economy. The hospital resources are also under strain because the disease is chronic yet the numbers of HIV/AIDS patients that are using the hospital’s resource are more than those who are suffering from other diseases. The death of income earners in the various households means that the children who are orphaned become dependants on other income earners. This is if they do not become the heads in their houses. The increase in dependants on the income earners leads to less income used for consumption. There are now more people who depend on the same income thus reducing the real income of the household. There is also the reduction of customers that a business can get because the same amount of money that was initially used by one household is now being used by two households. Also, the increase in amount of dependants on the few income earners who are now available leads to depletion of savings. Since the income earned cannot be enough to sustain the increased number of dependants, the income earner is forced to use up the saving that they had kept aside. Since savings and investments go hand-in-hand, it means that the rate of investment is also affected. There is less investment by households and also the various businesses because decreased savings causes an increase in the interest rate of borrowing. The decreased rate of investment affects employment. The income earners usually have to quit working because they have to take care of the ill. This especially affects the female income earners because they have to take care of the family. The female workers and students may end up becoming commercial sex workers which is a job description that is not taxed by the government. In other words, it means that the number of taxpayers has reduced yet the number of workers has increased. By becoming commercial sex workers, they increase their chances of contracting the disease and dying thus continuing the vicious cycle of poverty. The increase in the work load of caregivers affects their output in their various workplaces. The women who work in industries are unable to produce at optimum level because of increased absenteeism at work. This reduces the amount of income that they get since their working hours are greatly reduced. They may also be fired because they end up becoming a liability to the company because the cost of maintaining them as workers becomes too high for the company. This leads to a decrease in the amount of money that can be spent by the household on consuming. Furthermore with reduced income, there is reduced saving since all the money earned goes directly to consumption. The assets that people own end up being sold in order to acquire treatment for the sick. Even after death of the sufferers, there are still funeral expenses and hence further sale of the assets. The households are then left very poor with nothing to fall back on especially once the income earners in the household succumb to the disease. Since the savings have already been used up, there is no way that the households can recover their previous economic status and this increases the rate of poverty. In other words, there is an increase in the amount of poor people in the continent (http://www.avert.org). The households which have been affected by the disease end up depending on other households. They become a burden to them and cause an increase in the debts that these people have. These debts are even made worse by the fact that there are high chances of the income earners losing their employment. To avoid this, the older children end up becoming laborers to support their families. Â  This has changed the composition of workers to having more children than adults in the labor force. Since the children are unable to be as productive as the adults they are paid poorly. This pushes them further into poverty. Work cited AVERT. The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Africa. Retrieved on 29th November 2007 from http://www.avert.org/aidsimpact.htm Chaminuka P., Anim F., Debustus L. K. Nqangweni S. impact of HIVAIDS on Agriculture and Food Security. The Case of Limpopo Province in South Africa 2006 FANRPAN pg 2-8 Â   How to cite Microeconomic Impact of AIDS in Africa, Essay examples

Bruce Dawe analysis free essay sample

Dawe shows valuable insights in his poem ‘Homo Suburbiensis’. One of the valuable insights he makes is that the ordinary, everyday man has value. For example, in the last stanza Dawe explains the man to be â€Å"offering up instead/Not much but as much as any man can offer/ time, pain, love, hate, age, war, death, laughter, fever.† Dawe draws upon the religious connotations of the term â€Å"offering† to show the man’s contribution is as valuable as religious sacrifice. Dawe, furthermore, lists the contributions of the ordinary man, juxtaposing terms with positive connotations such as â€Å"love†, with terms that have negative connotations Dawe attempts to illustrate that everything the man has to offer in life is valuable – the good, the bad and the mundane. Through his use of a variety of poetic techniques, Dawe conveys a valuable insight that the everyday an has value. In his poem, ‘And A Good Friday Was Had By All’ Dawe provides a valuable insight: the death of Christ is still relevant today. We will write a custom essay sample on Bruce Dawe analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dawe refers to the crucified Christ as having â€Å"arms spread/so it seemed/over the whole damned creation†. 3In this example, Dawe uses vivid imagery of Christ on the cross with arms â€Å"spread† to encourage his audience to picture Jesus on the cross. Dawe’s use of the anachronistic idea that Jesus’ arms are spread for the â€Å"whole damned creation† indicates that Christ’s death has relevance or all people, not just the people present in that moment in history. A valuable insight highlighted in the poem ‘Homo Suburbiensis’ is his respect for the ordinary man. The opening line â€Å"one constant in a world of variables† creates importance towards the ordinary man. A metaphor is used to bring greater significance to the man, as he is compared to the world and stated as ‘One constant’ thus showing the responders the importance of this man, and Dawe’s thoughts about the ordinary man. Dawe’s respect towards the ordinary man is show again in the last line â€Å"Not much but as much as a man can offer time, pain, love, hate, age, war, death, laughter, fever†. The irony of ‘Not much’ but a long list of everything the man can offer shows that this man does have importance; it also creates a greater meaning of the man by showing that he is actually worth a lot more then expected. The poetic techniques demonstrate the valuable insights of the poem Homo Suburbiensis. Throughout the poem ‘and a Good Friday was had by all’ Dawe expresses many poetic techniques to portray valuable insights. Decease and suffering is highlighted in the second stanza through the line â€Å"not looking on the downswing trying hard not to hear over the women’s wailing the bones give way the iron shocking the dumb wood†. Personification is used to exaggerate the pain Jesus is experiencing, as even the wood feels the pain of this dehumanizing act; encouraging the responder to feel the pain that Jesus is going through. This is effective to a wide variety of people as it really connects to the responder as to what Jesus was going through. Guilt and regret is also shown throughout the poem. â€Å"and a Blind man in tears† an idiom is used to explain the thoughts and regrets of the solider as he is stated ‘a blind man in tears’ . The idiom relates to the audience as it conveys the soldiers true emotion towards his despiteful act. Bruce Dawe’s Poem ‘a good Friday was had by all’ clearly demonstrates the suffering, guilt and regret plus many more Valuable insights through the use of poetic techniques such as personification and an idiom.

Measuring Organizational Climate Essay Example

Measuring Organizational Climate Essay CONTENT: from where you get the Appendix Measuring Organizational Climate Name: Course: We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Organizational Climate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Organizational Climate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Organizational Climate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Date: Executive Summary Organizational climate refers to the shared values and perceptions employees have towards the organization. The values and thoughts regarding the firm revolve around a variety of dimensions that have an influence on the performance and attitudes of the employees. Therefore, such assertions can have a positive or negative effect on the productivity of the company. In order to determine the dimensions, researchers have deduced several suppositions that reutilized to define study and measure the climate of an organization. The propositions mainly revolve around different approaches, the levels of an organization’s climate as well as methods utilized to measure organizational climate. The development of the criterion for the definition, study and measurement of organizational climate enables one to understand implicitly about the assertion of organizational climate and effects of the theory on the workforce. Furthermore, possessing adequate knowledge on organizational climate enables the management to determine the attributes and thoughts of employees. By knowing such dimensions, management can create and deduce comprehensive master plans that can increase the financial performance of the firm, increase cohesion among the workers and increase employee productivity in the organization. Literature Review Organizational climate refers to the process utilized to undergo quantitative assessment of the culture of an organization. Organizational climate is the perception of the individuals in the organization regarding the workplace environment (Robbins, 2002). It is comprised of the outline of attitudes and mannerisms that influence people’s organizational experience. For instance, the firm’s climate may include conflict among workers and performance standards. Such experiences influence the capabilities of employees and have an effect on their productivity. In order for management to determine the influences, organizational climate requires to be measured. By measuring organizational climate, the management will be able to administer the various dimensions encompassing the organization. Approaches to Organizational Climate Researchers, surveyors and practitioners, have created methods of measuring organizational climate. Such methods measure abstract factors of the employees in the organization. These psychological dimensions include factors include morale, communication effectiveness, openness, employee motivation and establishment of roles in the organization. However, such factors are not the only factors that can be used to measure the climate of an organization. According to Ashkanasy et al., (2000), it is important to fathom organizational climates in order to comprehend the effects of the organizational structure. Several approaches were created to understand the organizational climate considerably. The first approach, structural approach, enables one to view the organization as an objective configuration comprised of attributes referring to the externality of the organization. Attributes such as the size of the organization, the hierarchy and the guiding policies are among factors that define an organization’s structure. These authentic conditions determine the employees’ attitudes, perceptions and values of the events in the organization. However, critics have argued against this approach asserting that its validity is questionable since it does not provide accurate methods of measuring an organization’s climate. Furthermore, the structural approach only considers the structure of the organization: hence, it does not factor in the person’s thoughts regarding the attributes of the organization (MacCormick Parker, 2010). The second approach, perceptual approach is more oriented towards human resource management. This is because the approach focuses on the individuals in the organization. The theory surmises that individuals are affected by either their perceptions or psychological impression they attach to the traits of the organization. Therefore, the approach is viewed as humanistic since climate is based on a person’s perception (Ashkanasy et al., 2000). Despite the approach delving towards the labor resource of an organization, it is still subject to criticism. Foremost, the principal cause of climate is situated chiefly in individuals, thereby discarding the likelihood of a composition hypothesis. Therefore, the theory cannot be viewed as an attribute. The second criticism asserts that the approach presupposes that individuals attach meaning to events and processes in the organization. Hence, the approach disregards that the events and processes can result from the interface between membe rs of the organization. The third approach, interactive approach, combines the two approaches borrowing the main aspects of the theories to create one strong approach to organizational climate. The approach is based on the objectivism advocated for by the structural approach as well as the subjectivism vouched for by the perceptual approach. The fundamental postulation of the interactive theory borders on the causative factors of the organizational climate (Burton, 2004). It assumes that the relations between persons with response to organizational situations results in the collective agreement of members of the organization. Consequently, the agreement between organizational members creates organizational climate. Hence, the interactive approach relates the perceptual and structural aspects because it recognizes meaning is fashioned when an individual purposely interacts with other people and objects since it provides meaning for either of the two. The concluding approach relates the organizational climate with the culture in the organization. The approach does not focus on the formal constituents of the organizations, the interactive, structural and perceptual approaches. Rather, the approach focuses on the organizational beliefs and practices. Additionally, the cultural approach asserts that the organizational climate results from the shared perceptions individuals share as they learn to deal with the demands of the organization (Alvesson, 2002). The approach emphasizes on the rule of the interactive approach agreeing with it that the interaction of individuals in the organization contributes the organizational climate. However, the approach also factors in the role of organizational culture in the development of an organization’s climate. This is because the beliefs and practices of individuals in the organization influence their values and perceptions regarding various aspects of the organization. Dimensions of Organizational Climate In order to determine the valid dimensions that comprise organizational climate, it is fundamental to recognize the different levels under which organizational climate is based upon. According to James (2008), psychological climate comprises organizational climate because the climate is deemed a personal attribute. Additionally, psychological climate explains the individual perceptions and descriptions regarding the policies and procedures of the organization. Furthermore, the psychological notion is integrated into the framework of organizational climate, which borders on the perceptive references of the individuals within the organization. Thumin and Thumin (2011) provide another level of climate towards the concept of organizational climate. The group climate refers to the attributes perceived by an organization or its parts. Therefore, group climate results from the methods used by the organization to administer its members. Additionally, organizational climate is assumed to have developed to a group attribute from an attribute characterized by an individual in an organization. As aforementioned, the definitions and hypotheses towards organizational climate are various. Furthermore, the approaches also influence the dimensions which are the measures utilized to determine an organization’s climate. Despite the impact of the approaches, researchers use various determinants in the measurement of organizational climate. Furthermore, research has identified different dimensions, but in this research, it is important to consider the most fundamental dimensions in most organizations. Primary Research To measure organizational climate, research requires a hypothesis to support the main objective of the assessment. The hypothesis formulated for the research indicated a strong relationship between dimensions in the organization and the organizational climate. Method In the research, a descriptive survey was used in a small Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Center, in the state of Florida. The data gathered was primary. Questionnaires were concluded electronically. The medium utilized was intranet since the survey was carried out inside the organization. Moreover, the survey would be free from external bias. The main purpose of using the survey was to moderate cost and time of the firm and the employees (Gordon, 2004). The sample comprised 500 employees around the region. The measuring tool was a validated questionnaire designed especially for the organization. The model utilized for the questionnaire was the 12-factor model, which comprised 10 dimensions. The 10 dimensions incorporated in the model comprised job satisfaction, remuneration, workplace environment, individual development, exigent and appealing work, image, employee wellness, leadership, communication and diversity. During the analysis, it was discovered that particular dimensions possessed a direct impact on the employee and a circuitous control on other employees. The dimensions found to have an influence were employee wellness, interpersonal fit, exigent and appealing work and individual development. The dimensions discovered to create a direct influence included leadership, diversity, remuneration, work environment, and image. The results established that direct and indirect influence factors have an impact on the organizational climate. The hypothesis was also supported by the use of questionnaires that measured the organization’s climate. The measurements used referred to descriptive statistics, which incorporate the mean, standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness. The measurements were used in the table presentation in order to assess the various dimensions presented by the questionnaire that had an impact on the organizational climate. Additionally, the presentation offers alpha coefficients for every dimension as well as the total scale. The coefficients are above 0.8 with only the work environment being below 0.6. The mean results in the presentation were utilized to provide a synopsis of the climate of the organization. The recommended cut off point of 3.2 was utilized to validate the difference between potential positive and negative perceptions. The points that were higher than 3.2 indicate positive perception while the points lower than 3.2 indicate negative perception of the dimension under scrutiny . Furthermore, the mean of 3.2 was considered since it is deemed optimal as well as provides a proper guideline to distinguish between optimistic and pessimistic potential perceptions. From the table, it is evident that climate in the organization is positive since it comprises a mean score of 3.56 throughout the dimensions. The results indicate that most employees were contented with the assortment of organizational facets. This resulted from the measurement of the 11 dimensions because all dimensions, except a pair of them, had mean points that were above 3.2 points. The results of individual development (3.11) and remuneration (2.77) dimensions portrayed that employees perceived individual development opportunities in the firm negatively and agreed that remuneration practices were negative. Therefore, the organization can take these negative perceptions of the dimensions into consideration. This will assist the organization in assessing such areas and developing them in the futur e. The results also indicated that most employees were satisfied with their jobs pertaining to the job satisfaction dimension, which measured at 3.36. Thus, the results indicated that the employees found their work exigent and appealing and thus noted that their future in the firm would be optimistic. Organizational climate plays an important role in determining the strategies an organization will create in order to influence employees. The measurement of organizational climate is therefore efficient since it can provide employees’ sentiments regarding the organization. Furthermore, using the measurements of the organization can also assist the management in determining the causes behind the positive or negative financial performance of the firm. Measuring the organizational climate enables interaction between the management and the employees thereby creating solidarity in the organization. References Alvesson, M. (2002). Understanding organizational culture. London: SAGE. http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=zcm1m9YnJ8kCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false Ashkanasy, N. M., Wilderom, C., Peterson, M. F. (2000). Handbook of organizational culture climate. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=AUt1i9ZEa48Cprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false Burton, R. M. (2004). The impact of organizational climate and strategic fit on firm performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 67-82. Gordon, J. (Ed.) (2004). Pfeiffer classic inventories, questionnaires, and surveys for training and development. San Francisco, California: John Wiley Sons. http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0787974692/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link James, L. (March 01, 2008). Organizational and psychological climate: A review of theory and research. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 1, 5-32. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13594320701662550#preview MacCormick, J., Parker, S. (January 01, 2010). A multiple climates approach to understanding business unit effectiveness. Human Relations, 63, 11, 1771-1806. http://hum.sagepub.com/content/63/11/1771.abstract Robbins, S. P. (2002). Organizational behavior: Concepts, controversies and applications. Indianapolis: Prentice Hall. Thumin, F., Thumin, L. (January 01, 2011). The Measurement and Interpretation of Organizational Climate. The Journal of Psychology, 145, 2, 93-109. Appendix The Relationship between Organizational Climate and Employee Satisfaction. http://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjaved=0CCIQFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sajip.co.za%2Findex.php%2Fsajip%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F800%2F880ei=0c2YUIOcEsSk0AWz0YGwBgusg=AFQjCNHl1moXpz1YS6NuEi1_UFo59FnYXA Method 1 DimensionNMeanSkewnessKurtosisCoefficientsIndividual development5003.11-0.271-0.4520.875Leadership5003.83-0.7961.0010.914Job Satisfaction5003.36-0.370-0.1280.812Employee Wellness5003.72-0.8371.2190.826Communication5003.50-0.5670.3760.880Work Environment5003.59-0.6840.0840.596Image5003.81-0.6500.7610.838Diversity5003.59-0.362-0.2470.868Remuneration5002.77-0.271-0.4970.854Exigent and Appealing Work5003.67-0.5840.1280.892